3. Price
Price is the sum of all the values
that consumers exchange for the
benefits of having or using the
product or service.
“Rent, tuition, fees, fares, tools,
rates, premiums, honoraria, bribes,
dues, bids, assessments, retainers,
salaries, wages, commissions,
taxes…”
Why is it dangerous?
4. PRICING OBJECTIVES
~PROFIT OBJECTIVE
PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
TARGET RETURN
~SALES OBJECTIVE
GROWTH IN SALES
GROWTH IN MKT SHARE
SURVIVAL-MINIMUM SALES
~COMPETITION OBJECTIVE
TO MEET OR PREVENT COMPETITION
TO DESTROY COMPETITION
~DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
-EXPANDING EXISTING MARKETS (NON-
USERS TO USERS)
-PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
5. SELECTING THE PRICE
OBJECTIVE
Survival
Maximum Current Profit
Maximum Current Revenue
Maximum Sales Growth
Maximum Market Skimming
Product-Quality Leadership
6. Internal Factors Affecting
Pricing Decisions:
Marketing Objectives
Survival
Low Prices to Cover Variable Costs and
Some Fixed Costs to Stay in Business.
Current Profit Maximization
Choose the Price that Produces the
Marketing Maximum Current Profit, Etc.
Objectives Market Share Leadership
Low as Possible Prices to Become
the Market Share Leader.
Product Quality Leadership
High Prices to Cover Higher
Performance Quality and R & D.
7. Types of Cost Factors that
Affect Pricing Decisions
Fixed Costs Variable Costs
(Overhead)
Costs that don’t Costs that do vary
vary with sales or directly with sales or
production levels. production levels.
Executive Salaries, Rent Commissions, Raw materials
Total Costs
Sum of the Fixed and Variable Costs for a Given
Level of Production
8. DETERMINING DEMAND
1. Unique value effect. Buyers are less
price-sensitive when the product is
more unique.
2. Substitute awareness effect.
Buyers are less price-sensitive when
they are less aware of substitutes.
3. Difficult comparison effect. Buyers
are less price-sensitive when they
cannot easily compare the quality of
substitutes.
9. 6. Shared cost effect. Buyers are
less price-sensitive when part of
the cost is borne by another party.
7. Sunk investment effect. Buyers
are less price-sensitive when the
product is used in conjunction with
assets previously bought.
8. Price-quality effect. Buyers
are less price-sensitive when the
product is assumed to have more
10. METHODS OF PRICING
Cost Plus Pricing:
This method is prevalent in urban
markets, but it suits the rural market
more, because a company has to incur the
cost of the product, distribution
expenses, and also add a small profit
margin.
Value Pricing:
It means assigning a low price tag for a
product and providing the benefits of
low-cost mass production to the
11. Cost-Based Pricing
Certainty About
Costs
Simplest
Pricing
Ethical
Method
Factors
Pricing is Situational
Simplified Cost-Plus Pricing
Unexpected
is an Approach
That Adds a
Price Competition Standard Markup
to the Cost of the
Attitudes Ignores Current
Is Minimized Demand &
Product
of Competition
Others
Much Fairer to
Buyers & Sellers
12. 1)Variable cost pricing:
Marginal or incremental cost of producing goods charged
Sell products abroad at lower net prices than the domestic
market
Used when a Co. has high fixed cost and unused production
2) Full cost Pricing:
Total fixed cost + variable cost
High variable cost relative to fixed cost
Price= Total cost +profit
13. Competition-Based Pricing
Setting Prices
Going-Rate
Company Sets Prices Based on What
Competitors Are Charging.
? Sealed-Bid
Company Sets Prices Based on
? What They Think Competitors
Will Charge.
14. Pricing Strategies
Companies face many problems
in setting their prices.
Standard pricing methods such as
uniform pricing, standard markup
of costs everywhere, or charging
what the market will bear ignores
cost differentials and local
market conditions.
11/3/2012 International MKTG 14
Pricing Strategy
15. Pricing Strategies
Premium pricing
Uses a high price, but gives a good product/service
exchange e.g. Honda, The Ritz Hotel
Penetration pricing
offers low price to gain market share - then increases price
e.g. Vodafone- to attract new corporate clients
Economy pricing
placed at ‘no frills’, low price
e.g. Soups, spaghetti, Perk - ‘economy’ brands
16. Price skimming
where prices are high - usually during introduction
e.g new albums or films on release
ultimately prices will reduce to the ‘parity’
Psychological pricing
to get a customer to respond on an emotional, rather
than rational basis
.e.g 99p not £1.01 ‘price point perspective
Product line pricing
rationale of a product range
Detergents
Pricing variations
‘off-peak’ pricing, early booking discounts, etc
e.g Maruti offers a ‘cash back’ incentive for Wagon R
17. Optional product-pricing
e.g. optional extras - BMW famously under-
equipped
Captive product pricing
products that complement others
e.g Gillette razors (low price) and blades (high
price)
Product-bundle pricing
sellers combine several products at the same
price
e.g software, books, CDs.
Promotional pricing
e.g. toothpaste, soups, etc