3. REACTOR
• A chemical reactor is an equipment unit in chemical process where the chemical
transformation/reaction takes place to generate desirable products.
• The configuration and operating conditions are selected to achieve the objective such
as maximising the profit/products and minimising the generation of pollutants
4. DISTILLATION COLUMN
A distillation column is equipment used for separation of two or more
mixture into its individual components.
A complex distillation system is achieved when dealing with multi-
component feed.
Reflux ratio is the important key in distillation process.
It is the ratio of the amount of mole returned as reflux liquid to the
fractionating column and the amount of moles of final product per
unit time.
5. GAS ABSORBTION
Absorption process is a gas-liquid mass
transfer operation in which a component is
transferred from gas phase to the liquid.
Gas absorption unit has been widely used
as a selective removal tool of one or more
component from a gas mixture by a
suitable liquid forming solution of the gases
upon absorption.
The rate of absorption is determined by
the rate of molecular diffusion that largely
controls this interphase mass transfer.
There are two types of operation which are
physical and chemical absorption.
6. COMPRESSOR
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume.
There are two fundamentally different classes o compressor.
The most common is a rotary-type compressor (either axial flow or
radial/cetrifudgal flow), in which the internal processes are essentially the
opposite of the two processes occuring inside a turbine
7. PUMPS
Mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move
liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as
tires.
The symbols for pumps may closely resemble those for
compressors.
8. HEAT EXCHANGER
Heat exchangers are devices built for efficient
heat transfer from one fluid to another and are
widely used in engineering processes.
Some examples are intercoolers, pre-heaters,
boilers and condensers in power plants.
9. BOILER
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is
heated.
The heated or vaporized fluid which exits the boiler will be
used in many processes or heating applications.
10. TANK
Used to store process fluids of various
types, under different process
conditions.
They come in a variety of sizes and
shapes, and are used for static storage,
processing, mixing, and transport of
both raw materials and finished
chemical products.
11. ELECTRIC HEATER
An electric heater is an electrical device
that converts electric current to heat.
The heating element inside every
electric heater is an electrical resistor,
and works on the principle of Joule
heating: an electric current passing
through a resistor will convert that
electrical energy into heat energy.
12. COOLING TOWER
A cooling tower is a heat
rejection device which
rejects waste heat to
the atmosphere through the
cooling of a water stream to a
lower temperature.
Cooling towers may either use
the evaporation of water to
remove process heat and cool
the working fluid to near
the wet-bulb air temperature or,
in the case of closed circuit dry
cooling towers, rely solely on air
to cool the working fluid to near
the dry-bulb air temperature.
