5. To mark a position in space or on the ground plane, a point must be projected vertically into a linear form POINT POINT IS EXTENDED BECOMES A LINE WITH LENGTH, DIRECTION AND POSITION Obelisk of Thutmose I, Karnak
16. Vertical elements have been used throughout history to commemorate significant events and establish particular points in space Column of Marcus Aurelius
17. Vertical linear elements can also define a transparent volume of space, as in the example above, the four minarets outline a spatial field which the dome of Hagia Sophia rises in splendor Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
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26. OVERHEAD PLANE The overhead plane can be either the roof plane that shelters the interior spaces of a building from the climatic elements, or the ceiling that forms the upper enclosing surface of the room.
27. WALL PLANE The wall plane, because of its vertical orientation, is active in our normal field of vision and vital to the shaping and enclosure of architectural space.
28. BASE PLANE The base plane can either be ground plane that serves as the physical foundation and visual base for building forms, or the floor plane that forms the lower enclosing surface of a room upon which we walk.
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30. Acropolis, Athens Elevated to honor a sacred, significant place Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Terraces approached by ramps rise toward the cliffs where the sanctuary is cut deep into the rock
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34. Falling Water, Frank Lloyd Wright Slabs express the horizontality of the roof planes as they cantilever outward from a central vertical core Schroder House, Gerrit Rietveld The overall form of the building can be endowed with a distinctly planar quality by introducing openings which expose the edges of vertical and horizontal places
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37. All volumes can be analyzed and understood to consist of: Points or vertices where several planes come together Lines or edges where two planes meet Planes or surfaces which define the limits or boundaries of a volume
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42. Building forms that stand as objects in the landscape can be read as occupying volumes in space San Miguel Building, Ortigas
43. Building forms that serve as containers can be read as masses that define volumes of space Piazza Maggiore, Bologna
![PRIMARY ELEMENTS ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)